World Wildlife Fund

The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is a global-scale conservation organization that works in 100 countries and consists of nearly 5 million members worldwide. The WWFs mission—in the simplest of terms—is to conserve nature. Its aims are threefold—to protect natural areas and wild populations, to minimize pollution, and to promote efficient, sustainable use of natural resources. The WWF focuses their efforts at multiple levels, starting with wildlife, habitats and local communities and expanding up through governments and global networks. The WWF views the planet as a single, complex web of relationships between species, the environment, and human institutions such as government and global markets. History The World Wildlife Fund was established in 1961 when a handful of scientists, naturalists, politicians, and businessmen joined forces to form an international fundraising organization that would provide money for conservation groups working around the globe. The WWF grew during the 1960s and by the 1970s it was able to hire its first project administrator, Dr. Thomas E. Lovejoy, who immediately convened a meeting of experts to forge the organizations key priorities. Among the first projects to receive funding from the WWF was a study of the tiger population in Chitwan Sanctuary Nepal conducted by the Smithsonian Institution. In 1975, the WWF helped establish the Corcovado National Park on Costa Ricas Osa Peninsula. Then in 1976, the WWF joined forces with the IUCN to create TRAFFIC, a network that monitors wildlife trade to curtail any conservation threats such trade inevitably causes. In 1984, Dr. Lovejoy devised the debt-for-nature swap approach that entails the conversion of a portion of a nations debt into funding for conservation within the country. The debt-for-nature swap tactic is also used by The Nature Conservancy. In 1992, the WWF further funded conservation in developing nations by establishing conservation trust funds for high-priority conservation regions throughout the world. These funds are intended to provide long-term funding to sustain conservation efforts. More recently, the WWF has worked with the Brazilian government to launch the Amazon Region Protected areas that will triple the land area that is protected within the Amazon region. How They Spend Their Money 79.4% of expenses go towards conservation projects7.3% of expenses go towards administration13.1% of expenses go towards fundraising Website www.worldwildlife.org You can also find the WWF on Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube. Headquarters World Wildlife Fund1250 24th Street, NWP.O. Box 97180Washington, DC 20090tel: (800) 960-0993 References About the World Wildlife FundHistory of the World Wildlife FundCharity Navigator - World Wildlife Fund

Summary of B.F. Skinner and Piaget - 1045 Words

B.F. Skinner’s Concept of Verbal Behavior One of the most influential members of the behaviorist movement, as well as among psychologists who study human development was B.F. Skinner (Diessner, 2008, p. 134). Skinner was notable for his description of the acquisition of new behavior through the use of reinenforcement and punishment called operant conditioning (Diessner, 2008). Skinner also contributed his behaviorist explanation of language development through his concept of verbal behavior (Diessner, 2008). To Skinner verbal behavior is basically a behavior which is â€Å"reinenforced through the mediation of others† (Skinner, 1957, p. 2) and ultimately the speaker by applying controlling variables of operant conditioning principles (Burk,†¦show more content†¦An explanation of this can be since in the preoperational stage a child’s ideas are based on their perceptions and only focus on one variable at a time, like the smaller containers of liquid (Moon ey, 2000). In the second stage of â€Å"Intermediary Reactions† which would be the transition between the preoperational stage and the concrete operational stage, behaviors not displayed by all children was noted (Diessner, 2008). First, some children were able to assume that the quantity of liquid would not change when poured from the one tall beaker into the two smaller glasses, but when more glasses were introduced the child went back to the prior stage belief of nonconservation (Diessner, 2008). Another reaction to the experiment was that the child accepted the concept of conservation but as soon as the quantity was greater the child became uncertain (Diessner, 2008). An explanation for these reactions can be that as the child transitions from preoperational to concrete operational stage their ideas of reasoning are still developing (Mooney, 2000). Finally in stage 3 â€Å"Necessary Conservation† corresponds to Piaget’s concrete operational stage of cognitiv e development (Diessner, 2008). 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Roland Barthes Myths Free Essays

Today Barthes’s many monthly contributions that were collected in his Mythologies (1957) frequently interrogated specific cultural materials in order to expose how bourgeois society asserted its values through them. For example, the portrayal of wine in French society as a robust and healthy habit is a bourgeois ideal that is contradicted by certain realities (i. e. We will write a custom essay sample on Roland Barthes Myths or any similar topic only for you Order Now , that wine can be unhealthy and inebriating). He found semiotics, the study of signs, useful in these interrogations. Barthes explained that these bourgeois cultural myths were â€Å"second-order signs,† or â€Å"connotations. A picture of a full, dark bottle is a signifier that relates to a specific signified: a fermented, alcoholic beverage. However, the bourgeoisie relate it to a new signified: the idea of healthy, robust, relaxing experience. Motivations for such manipulations vary, from a desire to sell products to a simple desire to maintain the status quo. These insights brought Barthes in line with similar Marxist theory. Barthes’s popular book Mythologies is split into two; Mythologies and Myth Today, the first section consisting of a collection of essays on selected modern myths and the second further and general analysis of the concept.At this presentation, we will get into Myth Today from Roland Barthes view. Myth Today Since we cannot draw up the list of the dialectal forms of bourgeois myth, we can always sketch its rhetorical forms. These figures are transparent inasmuch as they do not affect the plasticity of the signifier; but they are already sufficiently conceptualized to adapt to an historical representation of the world. It is through their rhetoric that bourgeois myths outline the general prospect of this pseudo-physis which defines the dream of the contemporary bourgeois world.Here are its princible figures; 1- The Inoculation: One immunizes the contents of the collective imagination by means of a small inoculation of acknowledged evil; one thus protects it against the risk of a generalized subversion. This liberal treatment would not have been possible only a hundred years ago. Then, the bourgeois Good did not compromise with anything, it was quite stiff. It has become much more supple since: the bourgeoisie no longer hesitates to acknowledge some localized subversions: the avantgarde, the irrational in childhood, etc.It now lives a balanced economy: as in any sound joint-stock company, the smaller shares – in law but not in fact – compensate the big ones. 2- The Privation of History: Myth deprives the object of which it speaks of all history. In it, history evaporates. It is kind of ideal servant. It prepares all things, brings them, lays them out, the master arrives, it silently dissapears: all that is left for one to do is to enjoy this beatiful object without wondering where it comes from. Or even better: It can only come from eternity: since the beginning of time, it has been made for bourgeois man, the Spain of the Blue Guide has been made for the tourist and ‘‘primitives’’ have prepared their dances with a view to an exotic festivity. We can see all the disturbing things which this felicitous figure removes from sight: both determinism and freedom. Nothing is produced, nothing is chosen: all one has to do is to possess these new objects from which all soiling trace of origin or choise has been removed.This miraculous evaporation of history is another form of a concept common to most bourgeois myths. The irresponsibility of man. 3-Identification: The petit-bourgeois man is a man unable to imagine the Other. If he comes face to face with him, he blinds himself, ignores and denies him. In the petit-bourgeois universe, all the experinces of confrontation are reverberating, any otherness is reduces to sameness. The spectacle or the tribunal, which are both places where the Other threatens to appear in fullview, become mirrors. This is because the Other is the scandal which threatens his assence.There are, in any petit-bourgeouis, consciousness, small simulacra of the hooligan, the parricide, the homosexual etc. , which periodically the judiciary extracts from its brain, puts in the dock, admonihes and condemns. One never tries anybody but analogues who have gona estray. It is a question of direction, not of nature, for thats how man are. The other becomes a pure object, a spectacle, a clown. Relegated to the confines of humanity, he no longer threatens the security of the home. 4-Tautology: Tautology is this verbal device which consists in defining like by like (Drama is Drama).We can view it as one of those types of magical behavior dealth with by Sartre in his Outline of a Therory of the Emotions: one takes refuge in tautology as one does in fear, or anger, or sadness, when one is at a loss for an explanation: the accidental failure of language is magically identified with what one decides is a natural resistance of the object. In tautology there is double murder: one kills rationality because its resists one. Tautology testifies to a profound distrust of language, which is rejected because it has failed.Now any refusal of language is death. Tautology creates a death, a motionless world. 5-Neither Noirism: This mythological figure which consists in stating two opposites and balancing the one by the other so as to reject them both. Here also there is magical behavior: both parties are dismissed because, it is embarassing to choose between them. 6- Quantification of Quality: This is a figure which is latent in all the preceding ones. By reducing any quality to qantity, myth economizes intelligence: it understands reality more then cheaply.I have given several examples of this mechanism which bourgeois mythology does not hesitate to apply to aesthetic realities which it deems on the other hand to partake of an immaterial essence. 7-Statement of Fact: A rural statement of fact, such as ‘’the weather is fine’’ keeps a real link with the usefulness of fine weather. It is an implicitly technological statement; the word, here, in spite of it’s general, abstract form, paves the way for actions, it inserts itself into a fabricating order: the farmer does not speak about the weather, he ‘’acts it’’, he draws it into his labour.Popular proverbs foresee more than they assert, they remain the speech of a humanity which i making itself, not one which is. Bourgeois aphorisms, on the other hand, belong to metalanguage; they are a second order language which bears on objects already prepared. Their classical form is the maxim. The foundation of the bourgeois statement of fact is common sense, that is, truth when it stops on the arbitrary order of him who speaks it.Everyday and everywhere, man is stopped by myths, referred by them to this motionless prototype which lives in his place, stiflis him in the manner of a huge internal parasite and assigns to his activity the narrow limits within which he is allowed to suffer wit hout upsetting the world: bourgeois pseudo-physis is in the fullest sense a prohibition for man against inventing himsef. Myths are nothing but this ceaseles, untiring soliciation, this insidious and flexible demand that all men recognize themselves in the image, which was built of them one day as if for all time. How to cite Roland Barthes Myths, Papers